Breast Cancer

1. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop targeted therapies focusing on HER2-negative breast cancers, exploring novel signaling pathways for treatment resistance.
   Explanation: Investigate alternative pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR for potential therapeutic targets, addressing the subset of patients resistant to standard HER2-targeted therapies.

2. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Identify robust biomarkers for early detection of triple-negative breast cancer.
   Explanation: Explore genomic, epigenomic, and proteomic signatures specific to triple-negative breast cancers to enable early diagnosis and timely intervention.

3. Basic Research

1. Objective: Understand the role of tumor microenvironment in breast cancer metastasis.
   Explanation: Investigate interactions between cancer cells and stromal components, focusing on immune responses and extracellular matrix remodeling, to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Lung Cancer

4. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop personalized immunotherapies targeting specific neoantigens in lung adenocarcinoma.
   Explanation: Utilize genomic sequencing and bioinformatics to identify patient-specific neoantigens, leading to personalized immunotherapeutic strategies.

5. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop liquid biopsy-based methods for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
   Explanation: Investigate ctDNA, exosomes, and circulating tumor cells for reliable and non-invasive detection, enabling early diagnosis and treatment.

6. Basic Research

1. Objective: Explore the impact of microbiota on lung cancer development and progression.
   Explanation: Investigate the lung microbiome s influence on immune responses, inflammation, and treatment responses, providing insights into potential therapeutic interventions.

Colorectal Cancer

7. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop targeted therapies for colorectal cancer based on distinct molecular subtypes.
   Explanation: Characterize subtypes based on genetic alterations and signaling pathways, developing targeted therapies tailored to specific subgroups, potentially reducing resistance rates.

8. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Enhance the accuracy of colorectal cancer screening using advanced imaging and molecular markers.
   Explanation: Integrate advanced imaging techniques like MRI and PET with molecular markers (e.g., stool DNA) to improve early detection rates and reduce false positives.

9. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer progression.
   Explanation: Study microbiome composition, metabolites, and their influence on inflammation and tumor development, paving the way for microbiota-based interventions.

Prostate Cancer

10. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop hormone therapy alternatives for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
   Explanation: Investigate non-hormonal targeted therapies addressing androgen receptor signaling and alternative pathways, providing options for patients resistant to standard hormone therapies.

11. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop non-invasive imaging techniques for accurate prostate cancer staging.
   Explanation: Explore advanced MRI techniques, molecular imaging, and radiomics to enhance the precision of tumor staging, enabling personalized treatment strategies.

12. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer initiation and progression.
   Explanation: Study DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA involvement, providing insights into targeted therapies and biomarker development.

Ovarian Cancer

13. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop therapies targeting homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) in ovarian cancer.
   Explanation: Investigate PARP inhibitors, immunotherapies, and other targeted agents specifically for HRD-positive ovarian cancers, improving treatment outcomes for this subgroup.

14. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop imaging-based methods for early detection of ovarian cancer recurrence.
   Explanation: Explore PET/CT, MRI, and other advanced imaging modalities combined with molecular markers to detect recurrent disease at an early, potentially curable stage.

15. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of fallopian tube epithelium in ovarian cancer initiation.
   Explanation: Study precursor lesions in the fallopian tubes, exploring genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to a better understanding of early events in ovarian tumorigenesis.

Liver Cancer

16. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop immunotherapies targeting liver cancer-specific antigens.
   Explanation: Identify unique antigens expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, creating immunotherapies that specifically target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues.
2. Objective: Develop precision therapies targeting liver cancer stem cells.
   Explanation: Investigate specific markers and pathways in liver cancer stem cells, aiming for therapies that target these cells self-renewal and resistance mechanisms.

17. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of liver cancer in patients with chronic liver diseases.
   Explanation: Explore circulating tumor DNA, miRNAs, and glycoproteins in serum/plasma for reliable early diagnosis, particularly in patients with underlying liver conditions like hepatitis and cirrhosis.
2. Objective: Investigate the potential of liquid biopsy for early detection of liver cancer recurrence.
   Explanation: Explore circulating tumor DNA, RNA, and protein markers in blood samples for precise and non-invasive monitoring of post-surgical or post-treatment recurrence.

18. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of liver microenvironment components in HCC progression.
   Explanation: Study interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix components, revealing potential targets for therapies aiming to disrupt the tumor microenvironment.
2. Objective: Study the role of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in liver cancer progression and therapy resistance.
   Explanation: Understand the interplay between HIFs, angiogenesis, and immune evasion in liver cancer, offering insights into targeted therapy development.

Pancreatic Cancer

19. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop therapies targeting pancreatic cancer stem cells.
   Explanation: Investigate signaling pathways and surface markers specific to cancer stem cells, developing therapies that eradicate these cells, preventing relapse and metastasis.
2. Objective: Develop therapies targeting pancreatic cancer desmoplasia.
   Explanation: Investigate stromal components, such as fibroblasts and extracellular matrix proteins, aiming to disrupt the tumor-stroma interaction and enhance drug delivery to cancer cells.

20. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Improve the accuracy of imaging-based methods for early pancreatic cancer detection.
   Explanation: Explore contrast-enhanced imaging, endoscopic ultrasound, and molecular imaging agents to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of early-stage pancreatic cancer detection.
2. Objective: Explore the potential of proteomic and metabolomic profiling for early pancreatic cancer detection.
   Explanation: Investigate alterations in proteins and metabolites in blood samples, offering a holistic view of pancreatic cancer biomarkers for early diagnosis.

21. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the impact of stromal components on pancreatic cancer chemoresistance.
   Explanation: Study interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells, including fibroblasts and immune cells, to understand mechanisms leading to chemoresistance, guiding the development of combination therapies.
2. Objective: Investigate the role of exosomal communication in pancreatic cancer metastasis.
   Explanation: Study the content and mechanisms of exosomal communication between cancer cells and distant organs, providing insights into metastatic processes and potential therapeutic targets.

Brain Cancer

22. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop blood-brain barrier-permeable drugs for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment.
   Explanation: Investigate nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems and identify small molecules capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, enhancing the efficacy of GBM therapies.
2. Objective: Develop therapies targeting glioblastoma heterogeneity.
   Explanation: Investigate intra-tumoral heterogeneity at single-cell resolution, aiming to develop combination therapies tailored to different cell populations within glioblastomas.
3. Objective: Develop therapies targeting glioblastoma immune checkpoint molecules.
   Explanation: Investigate immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination strategies, aiming to enhance immune responses against glioblastoma cells and overcome immunosuppressive microenvironment.
4. Objective: Explore the potential of targeted drug delivery systems for glioblastoma treatment.
   Explanation: Investigate nanoparticles, liposomes, and other drug carriers to enhance drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier, improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to glioblastoma cells.

23. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop liquid biopsy-based methods for monitoring glioma progression and treatment response.
   Explanation: Investigate ctDNA, extracellular vesicles, and other liquid biopsy components to assess glioma genetic changes over time, aiding in treatment monitoring and adapting therapies accordingly.
2. Objective: Develop advanced imaging techniques for real-time assessment of glioblastoma response to therapy.
   Explanation: Explore functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and spectroscopy for immediate assessment of treatment response, aiding clinicians in adapting therapies as needed.
3. Objective: Develop liquid biopsy-based methods for monitoring glioblastoma molecular evolution and resistance.
   Explanation: Investigate circulating tumor DNA, RNA, and exosomal content to track genetic alterations over time, providing insights into tumor evolution and guiding treatment modifications.
4. Objective: Develop advanced imaging techniques for glioblastoma margin delineation during surgery.
   Explanation: Explore intraoperative MRI, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence imaging, enabling real-time visualization of tumor boundaries, enhancing the precision of surgical resection.

24. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of neural stem cells in brain cancer initiation and recurrence.
   Explanation: Study interactions between neural stem cells and cancer cells, exploring genetic and molecular factors contributing to tumor initiation, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance.
2. Objective: Investigate the role of immune evasion mechanisms in glioblastoma.
   Explanation: Study immune checkpoint molecules, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immunosuppressive factors, aiming to develop immunotherapies that overcome glioblastoma s immune evasion strategies.
3. Objective: Investigate the role of cancer-associated neurons in glioblastoma progression.
   Explanation: Study interactions between glioblastoma cells and adjacent neurons, understanding neuronal influences on tumor growth, invasion, and therapeutic responses, potentially revealing novel therapeutic targets.
4. Objective: Explore the impact of glioblastoma heterogeneity on treatment responses.
   Explanation: Investigate single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, aiming to dissect intra-tumoral heterogeneity and identify unique vulnerabilities within different glioblastoma cell populations.
5. Objective: Investigate the role of extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma communication and therapy resistance.
   Explanation: Study the content and functions of exosomes and microvesicles released by glioblastoma cells, understanding their roles in intercellular communication, immune modulation, and therapy resistance.
6. Objective: Investigate the impact of tumor metabolism on glioblastoma therapy resistance.
   Explanation: Study metabolic reprogramming, including aerobic glycolysis and glutamine addiction, understanding their roles in therapy resistance and exploring metabolic inhibitors as therapeutic options.
7. Objective: Investigate the role of tumor-educated platelets in glioblastoma metastasis.
   Explanation: Study interactions between glioblastoma cells and platelets, understanding how platelet activation and release of growth factors contribute to tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis.
8. Objective: Investigate the impact of glioblastoma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) on tumor immunosuppression.
   Explanation: Study the crosstalk between GAMs and glioblastoma cells, exploring signaling pathways and immune checkpoint molecules, aiming to modulate GAM activity and enhance anti-tumor immune responses.

Skin Cancer (Melanoma)

25. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop combination therapies targeting both BRAF-mutated and wild-type melanomas.
   Explanation: Investigate synergistic effects of targeted therapies and immunotherapies, exploring novel combinations to improve treatment responses in both BRAF-mutated and wild-type melanomas.
2. Objective: Develop combination therapies involving targeted agents, immunotherapies, and oncolytic viruses for melanoma treatment.
   Explanation: Investigate synergistic effects of targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and virotherapies, aiming for comprehensive melanoma treatment strategies.

26. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop non-invasive imaging techniques for precise melanoma staging and metastasis detection.
   Explanation: Investigate advanced imaging modalities, including PET-MRI and molecular imaging, to detect metastatic lesions early, enabling accurate staging and treatment planning.
2. Objective: Explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in melanoma image analysis for accurate diagnosis.
   Explanation: Develop AI algorithms that analyze dermoscopic images and pathology slides, improving melanoma diagnosis accuracy and enabling early interventions.

27. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in melanoma regression and treatment response.
   Explanation: Study the interactions between TILs, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment, understanding factors influencing TIL activity and leveraging this knowledge for immunotherapeutic strategies.
2. Objective: Investigate the impact of melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) on tumor progression and therapy resistance.
   Explanation: Study the crosstalk between melanoma cells and MAFs, elucidating how MAFs contribute to melanoma aggressiveness and exploring therapies targeting MAF-mediated pathways.

Kidney Cancer

28. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop therapies targeting von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) loss-of-function mutations in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
   Explanation: Investigate small molecules and gene therapies that restore VHL function or target downstream effects, providing targeted therapies for VHL-mutated RCC.
2. Objective: Develop therapies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in renal cell carcinoma.
   Explanation: Investigate altered metabolic pathways, such as the Warburg effect, aiming for therapies that exploit these metabolic vulnerabilities and induce cancer cell death.

29. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop non-invasive imaging techniques for renal cell carcinoma subtyping.
   Explanation: Explore advanced MRI techniques and molecular imaging agents to differentiate clear cell RCC, papillary RCC, and chromophobe RCC, guiding treatment decisions.
2. Objective: Explore non-invasive methods for renal cell carcinoma subtyping and prognostication.
   Explanation: Investigate urinary biomarkers, circulating tumor DNA, and radiomic features in imaging, aiming to predict tumor subtype, stage, and prognosis without invasive procedures.

30. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the impact of immune checkpoint molecules on RCC immunotherapy resistance.
   Explanation: Study interactions between immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4) and immune cells, identifying mechanisms leading to immunotherapy resistance and developing combination therapies to overcome resistance.
2. Objective: Investigate the role of immune cell subsets in renal cell carcinoma immune responses.
   Explanation: Study interactions between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, aiming to understand their roles in anti-tumor immunity and inform immunotherapy strategies.

Blood Cancers (Leukemia, Lymphoma)

31. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop CAR-T cell therapies targeting leukemia-specific antigens.
   Explanation: Identify unique surface antigens on leukemia cells, engineering CAR-T cells to specifically target these antigens, providing highly targeted and effective therapies for leukemia.
2. Objective: Develop therapies targeting epigenetic alterations in hematologic cancers.
   Explanation: Investigate DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and bromodomain inhibitors, aiming to reverse aberrant epigenetic modifications and induce cancer cell differentiation or apoptosis.

32. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop liquid biopsy-based methods for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in hematologic cancers.
   Explanation: Investigate ctDNA, circulating tumor cells, and cell-free RNA for sensitive and specific detection of MRD, enabling precise monitoring of treatment responses and relapse prediction.
2. Objective: Develop molecular imaging techniques for visualizing tumor heterogeneity in lymphomas.
   Explanation: Utilize positron emission tomography (PET) with various radiotracers, enabling visualization of specific molecular features, helping in understanding tumor heterogeneity and guiding personalized treatments.

33. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the impact of leukemia stem cells on disease recurrence and treatment resistance.
   Explanation: Study genetic and epigenetic factors specific to leukemia stem cells, understanding their role in relapse and resistance, guiding the development of therapies targeting these cells.
2. Objective: Investigate the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in leukemia stem cell maintenance.
   Explanation: Study specific lncRNAs, their interactions with chromatin modifiers, and their influence on leukemia stem cell self-renewal, aiming to develop therapies targeting these molecular processes.

Thyroid Cancer

34. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop targeted therapies for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) focusing on BRAF and other driver mutations.
   Explanation: Investigate small molecule inhibitors and immunotherapies targeting BRAF and other mutations specific to ATC, providing effective treatments for this aggressive subtype.

35. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop molecular imaging techniques for accurate thyroid cancer staging and metastasis detection.
   Explanation: Explore molecular PET-CT and SPECT-CT imaging agents targeting thyroid cancer-specific markers, enhancing the precision of staging and guiding surgical interventions.

36. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the role of thyroid cancer-derived exosomes in immune evasion and metastasis.
   Explanation: Study exosome composition and their effects on immune responses and metastatic processes, providing insights into therapies targeting exosome-mediated pathways.

Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma)

37. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop therapies targeting osteosarcoma cancer stem cells.
   Explanation: Investigate signaling pathways and surface markers specific to cancer stem cells, developing therapies that eradicate these cells, preventing relapse and metastasis.

38. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop advanced imaging techniques for accurate osteosarcoma staging and metastasis detection.
   Explanation: Explore dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) techniques to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of staging, guiding surgical interventions and treatment planning.

39. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the impact of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on osteosarcoma progression and chemoresistance.
   Explanation: Study interactions between TAMs, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment, understanding mechanisms leading to chemoresistance and developing therapies targeting TAM-mediated pathways.

Head and Neck Cancer

40. Therapeutics

1. Objective: Develop combination therapies targeting EGFR and immune checkpoint molecules in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
   Explanation: Investigate synergistic effects of EGFR inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade, exploring optimal combinations for improved treatment responses in HNSCC.

41. Diagnostics

1. Objective: Develop liquid biopsy-based methods for monitoring treatment responses and relapse in head and neck cancer.
   Explanation: Investigate ctDNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomal RNA for real-time monitoring of treatment responses, enabling timely adjustments in therapies and early detection of relapse.

42. Basic Research

1. Objective: Investigate the impact of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on HNSCC invasion and metastasis.
   Explanation: Study interactions between CAFs, cancer cells, and the extracellular matrix, understanding the mechanisms driving invasion and metastasis, guiding the development of therapies targeting CAF-mediated pathways.